(a) The graph of `f(x)=(x+44)^2` can be obtained from shifting the graph of `f(x)=x^2` to the 44 units.
(b) The graph of `f(x)=x^2+44` can be obtained from shifting the graph of `f(x)=x^2` 44 units.
(c) The graph of `f(x)=44\sqrt(x)` can be obtained from the graph of `f(x)=\sqrt(x)` vertically by a factor 44.
(d) The graph of `f(x)=\sqrt(44 x)` can be obtained from the graph of `f(x)=\sqrt(x)` horizontally by a factor `\frac(1)(44)`.

For each question, enter one of: left, right, upward, downward, stretching, shrinking